J. Cell Biol., Volume 141, Number 7, June 29, 1998 1659-1673

Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2) Induces Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Expression in the Endothelial Cells of Forming Capillaries: An Autocrine Mechanism Contributing to Angiogenesis

Graziano Seghezzi,^*§ Sundeep Patel,^* Christine J. Ren,^§ Anna Gualandris,^¶ Giuseppe Pintucci,^¶ Edith S. Robbins, Richard L. Shapiro,^§ Aubrey C. Galloway,^* Daniel B. Rifkin,^¶ and Paolo Mignatti^*§

Department of Surgery, ^* Cardiovascular Surgery Research Laboratory and ^§ S.A. Localio General Surgery Research Laboratory; and  Department of Cell Biology, and ^¶ the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Laboratory, and the Kaplan Cancer Center, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016

FGF-2 and VEGF are potent angiogenesis inducers in vivo and in vitro. Here we show that FGF-2 induces VEGF expression in vascular endothelial cells through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Addition of recombinant FGF-2 to cultured endothelial cells or upregulation of endogenous FGF-2 results in increased VEGF expression. Neutralizing monoclonal antibody to VEGF inhibits FGF-2-induced endothelial cell proliferation. Endogenous 18-kD FGF-2 production upregulates VEGF expression through extracellular interaction with cell membrane receptors; high-M_r FGF-2 (22-24-kD) acts via intracellular mechanism(s). During angiogenesis induced by FGF-2 in the mouse cornea, the endothelial cells of forming capillaries express VEGF mRNA and protein. Systemic administration of neutralizing VEGF antibody dramatically reduces FGF-2-induced angiogenesis. Because occasional fibroblasts or other cell types present in the corneal stroma show no significant expression of VEGF mRNA, these findings demonstrate that endothelial cell-derived VEGF is an important autocrine mediator of FGF-2-induced angiogenesis. Thus, angiogenesis in vivo can be modulated by a novel mechanism that involves the autocrine action of vascular endothelial cell-derived FGF-2 and VEGF.

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