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Peter S. Zammit, Jon P. Golding, Yosuke Nagata, Valérie Hudon, Terence A. Partridge, and Jonathan R. Beauchamp

Muscle Cell Biology Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK

Address correspondence to P.S. Zammit, Muscle Cell Biology Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Rd., London W12 0NN, UK. Fax: 44 208 383 8264. email: peter.zammit{at}csc.mrc.ac.uk; or T.A. Partridge, email: terence.partridge{at}csc.mrc.ac.uk

Growth, repair, and regeneration of adult skeletal muscle depends on the persistence of satellite cells: muscle stem cells resident beneath the basal lamina that surrounds each myofiber. However, how the satellite cell compartment is maintained is unclear. Here, we use cultured myofibers to model muscle regeneration and show that satellite cells adopt divergent fates. Quiescent satellite cells are synchronously activated to coexpress the transcription factors Pax7 and MyoD. Most then proliferate, down-regulate Pax7, and differentiate. In contrast, other proliferating cells maintain Pax7 but lose MyoD and withdraw from immediate differentiation. These cells are typically located in clusters, together with Pax7–ve progeny destined for differentiation. Some of the Pax7+ve/MyoD–ve cells then leave the cell cycle, thus regaining the quiescent satellite cell phenotype. Significantly, noncycling cells contained within a cluster can be stimulated to proliferate again. These observations suggest that satellite cells either differentiate or switch from terminal myogenesis to maintain the satellite cell pool.

Key Words: stem; skeletal muscle regeneration; Pax7; MyoD; myogenin

V. Hudon's present address is McGill Cancer Center, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada.

Abbreviations used in this paper: EDL, extensor digitorum longus; MLC, myosin light chain; MRF, myogenic regulatory factor.

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