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Axel Niemann¹, Marcel Ruegg¹, Veronica La Padula², Angelo Schenone², and Ueli Suter¹

¹ Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Hönggerberg, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
² Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Genetics, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy

Correspondence to Ueli Suter: usuter{at}cell.biol.ethz.ch

Mutations in GDAP1 lead to severe forms of the peripheral motor and sensory neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), which is characterized by heterogeneous phenotypes, including pronounced axonal damage and demyelination. We show that neurons and Schwann cells express ganglioside-induced differentiation associated protein 1 (GDAP1), which suggest that both cell types may contribute to the mixed features of the disease. GDAP1 is located in the mitochondrial outer membrane and regulates the mitochondrial network. Overexpression of GDAP1 induces fragmentation of mitochondria without inducing apoptosis, affecting overall mitochondrial activity, or interfering with mitochondrial fusion. The mitochondrial fusion proteins, mitofusin 1 and 2 and Drp1(K38A), can counterbalance the GDAP1-dependent fission. GDAP1-specific knockdown by RNA interference results in a tubular mitochondrial morphology. GDAP1 truncations that are found in patients who have CMT are not targeted to mitochondria and have lost mitochondrial fragmentation activity. The latter activity also is reduced strongly for disease-associated GDAP1 point mutations. Our data indicate that an exquisitely tight control of mitochondrial dynamics, regulated by GDAP1, is crucial for the proper function of myelinated peripheral nerves.

Abbreviations used in this paper: CMT, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; m, mitochondrial transmembrane potential; DRG, dorsal root ganglia; Drp1, dynamin-related protein 1; GDAP1 ganglioside-induced differentiation associated protein 1; Mfn, mitofusin; mtDsRed, mitochondrial targeted DsRed; mtGFP, mitochondrial targeted GFP; PDI, protein disulfide isomerase; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PNS, peripheral nervous system; hTOM7, human transporter of the outer membrane subunit 7; RF, relative fluorescence; RNAi, RNA interference.

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